1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Tetralysal 300mg Hard Capsules
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each capsule contains 408mg of Lymecycline equivalent to 300mg tetracycline base
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Hard capsule
Hard gelatin capsule, red cap and yellow body
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Tetralysal is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by tetracycline sensitive organisms (please see section 4.4 and 5.1) including the following:
• Acne
• Ear, nose and throat infections
• Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
• Gastro-intestinal infection
• Urinary tract infection
• Non-gonococcal urethritis
• Trachoma
• Rickettsial fever
• Soft tissue infection
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Adults:
The usual dosage for the chronic treatment of acne is 1 capsule daily: treatment should be continued for at least 8 weeks.
For other infections, the usual dosage is 1 capsule b.d. If higher doses are required, 3-4 capsules may be given over 24 hours. Lower doses may be given for prophylaxis.
In the management of sexually transmitted disease both partners should be treated.
Elderly:
As for other tetracyclines, no specific dose adjustment is required.
Children:
Not recommended for children under the age of 12 years. For children over the age of 12 years the adult dosage may be given.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to lymecycline or any other tetracycline or to any of the excipients.
Its use is contraindicated in patients with overt renal insufficiency and in children less than 12 years.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics may result in the appearance of resistant organisms and superinfection.
Care should be exercised in administering tetracyclines to patients with hepatic impairment. Tetracyclines may cause photosensitivity reactions; however, very rare cases have been reported with lymecycline.
May cause exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Can cause weak neuromuscular blockade so should be used with caution in Myasthenia Gravis.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
The absorption of tetracyclines may be affected by the simultaneous administration of calcium, aluminium, magnesium, bismuth and zinc salts, antacids, Bismuth containing ulcer-healing drugs, iron preparations and quinapril. These products should not be taken within two hours before or after taking Tetralysal 300.
Unlike earlier tetracyclines, absorption of Tetralysal 300 is not significantly impaired by moderate amounts of milk.
Concomitant use of oral retinoids should be avoided as this may increase the risk of benign intracranial hypertension. An increase in the effects of anticoagulants may occur with tetracyclines. Concomitant use of diuretics should be avoided.
Although not reported for Tetralysal 300, a few cases of pregnancy or breakthrough bleeding have been attributed to the concurrent use of tetracycline or oxytetracycline with oral contraceptives.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Tetracyclines are selectively absorbed by developing bones and teeth and may cause dental staining and enamel hypoplasia. In addition these compounds readily cross the placental barrier and therefore Tetralysal 300 should not be given to pregnant or lactating women.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed
4.8 Undesirable Effects
The most frequently reported adverse events with Tetralysal are gastrointestinal disorders of nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and nervous system disorder of headache. The most serious adverse events reported with Tetralysal are Stevens Johnson syndrome, anaphylactic reaction, angioneurotic oedema and intracranial hypertension.
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General tetracyclines adverse events:
Benign intracranial hypertension and bulging fontanelles in infants were reported with tetracyclines with possible symptoms of headaches, visual disturbances including blurring of vision, scotomata, diplopia or permanent visual loss.
The following adverse effects were reported with tetracyclines in general and may occur with Tetralysal: dysphagia, oesophagitis, oesophageal ulceration, pancreatitis, teeth discolouration, hepatitis, hepatic failure. Dental dyschromia and/or enamel hypoplasia may occur if the product is administered in children younger than 8 years of age
As with all antibiotics overgrowth of non susceptible organisms may cause candidiasis, pseudomembranous colitis (Clostridium Difficile overgrowth), glossitis, stomatitis, vaginitis or staphyloccocal enterocolitis.
4.9 Overdose
There is no specific treatment, but gastric lavage should be performed as soon as possible. Supportive measure should be instituted as required and a high fluid intake maintained.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Tetracyclines
ATC code: J01AA04
Mode of action
Tetracyclines provide bacteriostatic action at the available plasma and tissue concentrations and are effective against intracellular and extracellular organisms. Their mechanism of action is based on an inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis. Tetracyclines block the access of the bacterial aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex by binding to the 30S subunit of the ribosome, thus preventing the addition of amino acids to the growing peptide chain in protein synthesis. When given at therapeutically attainable concentrations their toxic effect is limited to the bacterial cells.
The exact mechanisms by which tetracyclines reduce lesions of acne vulgaris have not been fully elucidated; however, the effect appears to result in part from the antibacterial activity of the drugs. Following oral administration, the drugs inhibit the growth of susceptible organisms (mainly Propionibacterium acnes) on the surface of the skin and reduce the concentration of free fatty acids in sebum. The reduction in free fatty acids in sebum may be an indirect result of the inhibition of lipase-producing organisms which convert triglycerides into free fatty acids or may be a direct result of interference with lipase production in these organisms. Free fatty acids are comedogenic and are believed to be a possible cause of the inflammatory lesions, e.g. papules, pustules, nodules, cysts, of acne. However, other mechanisms also appear to be involved because clinical improvement of acne vulgaris with oral tetracycline therapy does not necessarily correspond with a reduction in the bacterial flora of the skin or a decrease in the free fatty acid content of sebum.
Mechanism of resistance
Tetracycline resistance in propionibacteria is usually associated with a single point mutation within the gene encoding 16S rRNA. Clinical isolates resistant to tetracycline were found to have cytosine instead of guanine at a position cognate with Escherichia coli base 1058. There is no evidence that ribosome mutations can be transferred between different strains or species of propionibacteria, or between propionibacteria and other skin commensals.
Resistance to the tetracyclines is associated with mobile resistance determinants in both staphylococci and coryneform bacteria. These determinants are potentially transmissible between different species and even different genera of bacteria.
In all three genera, cross-resistance with the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin group of antibiotics cannot be ruled out.
Strains of propionibacteria resistant to the hydrophilic tetracyclines are cross-resistant to doxycycline and may or may not show reduced susceptibility to minocycline.
Breakpoints
For tetracycline resistance in anaerobic and most aerobic bacteria, the breakpoints as set by the NCCLS are:
Susceptible MIC < 4 mg/L
Intermediate MIC 8 mg/L
Resistant MIC > 16 mg/L
In cutaneous propionibacteria, mutational resistance is associated with MICs of tetracycline > 2mg/L.
Susceptibility table
The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent in at least some types of infections is questionable.
Susceptibility to tetracyclines of species relevant to the approved indication
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Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem (defined as >10% resistant within any European country) |
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Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem (defined as >10% resistant within any European country) |
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However, even if resistance to cutaneous propionibacteria is detected, this does not automatically translate into therapeutic failure, since the antiinflammatory activity of the tetracyclines is not compromised by resistance in the target bacteria.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Lymecycline is more readily absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract than tetracycline, with a peak serum concentration of approximately 2mg/L after 3 hours following a 300 mg dose. In addition, similar blood concentrations are achieved with small doses. When the dose is doubled an almost correspondingly higher blood concentration has been reported to occur.
The serum half-life of lymecycline is approximately 10 hours.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
No specific information is presented given the vast experience gained with the use of tetracyclines in humans over the last forty years.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Magnesium stearate
Colloidal hydrated silica
The capsule shells contain
gelatin
titanium dioxide (E171)
erythrosine (E127)
quinoline yellow (E104)
indigotine (E132)
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable
6.3 Shelf Life
3 years (unopened)
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Aluminium and polyethylene strips: Do not store above 25ºC.
Store in the original container.
Aluminium-PVC/PVDC calendar blister strips: Do not store above 25ºC.
Keep container in the outer carton.
As with all medicines, Tetralysal 300 should be kept out of the sight and reach of children.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
Aluminium-PVC/PVDC calendar blister strips of 14 capsules; two strips per carton, pack size = 28 capsules or Aluminium and polyethylene strips 28 or 56 capsule pack size.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
No special requirements
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Galderma (UK) Limited
Meridien House
69-71 Clarendon Road
Watford
Herts.
WD17 1DS
UK
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 10590/0019
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
29th September 1995
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
June 2009
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