1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Vancocin 500 mg powder for solution for infusion and powder for oral solution.
Vancocin 1 g powder for solution for infusion and powder for oral solution.
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Vancomycin hydrochloride equivalent to 500 mg vancomycin (525,000 IU). When reconstituted with 10 ml water for injections, the concentrate for solution contains vancomycin 50 mg/ml.
Vancomycin hydrochloride equivalent to 1 g vancomycin (1,050,000 IU). When reconstituted with 20 ml water for injections, the concentrate for solution contains vancomycin 50 mg/ml.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Powder for concentrate for solution for infusion and powder for oral solution.
An off-white lyophilised plug, when reconstituted in water, it forms a clear solution.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Vancomycin is indicated in potentially life
Vancomycin is useful in the therapy of severe staphylococcal infections in patients who cannot receive or who have failed to respond to the penicillins and cephalosporins, or who have infections with staphylococci resistant to other antibiotics.
Vancomycin is used in the treatment of endocarditis and as prophylaxis against endocarditis in patients at risk from dental or surgical procedures.
Its effectiveness has been documented in other infections due to staphylococci, including osteomyelitis, pneumonia, septicaemia and soft tissue infections.
Vancomycin may be used orally for the treatment of staphylococcal enterocolitis and pseudomembranous colitis due to Clostridium difficile. Parenteral administration of vancomycin is not effective for these indications. Intravenous administration may be used concomitantly if required.
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
For intravenous infusion and oral use only and not for intramuscular administration.
Infusion
Concentrations of no more than 5 mg/ml are recommended. In selected patients in need of fluid restriction, a concentration up to 10 mg/ml may be used; use of such higher concentrations may increase the risk of infusion
Intravenous Infusion in Patients with Normal Renal Function
Adults: The usual intravenous dose is 500 mg every six hours or 1 g every 12 hours, in Sodium Chloride Intravenous Infusion BP or 5% Dextrose Intravenous Infusion BP. Each dose should be administered at no more than 10 mg/min. Other patient factors, such as age, obesity or pregnancy, may call for modification of the usual daily dose. The majority of patients with infections caused by organisms sensitive to the antibiotic show a therapeutic response within 48-72 hours. The total duration of therapy is determined by the type and severity of the infection and the clinical response of the patient. In staphylococcal endocarditis, treatment for three weeks or longer is recommended.
Pregnancy: It has been reported that significantly increased doses may be required to achieve therapeutic serum concentrations in pregnant patients, but see 'Warnings'.
The elderly: Dosage reduction may be necessary to a greater extent than expected because of decreasing renal function (see below). Monitor auditory function - see 'Warnings' and 'Precautions'.
Children: The usual intravenous dosage is 10 mg/kg per dose given every 6 hours (total daily dosage 40 mg/kg of body weight). Each dose should be administered over a period of at least 60 minutes.
Neonates have a larger volume of distribution and incompletely developed renal function; therefore dosing guidelines differ from those recommended for children and adults. In neonates and young infants, the total daily dosage may be lower. An initial dose of 15mg/kg is suggested, followed by 10mg/kg every 12 hours in the first week of life and every 8 hours thereafter until one month of age. Each dose should be administered over 60 minutes. Close monitoring of serum vancomycin concentrations may be warranted in these patients. One dosing nomogram for dosing vancomycin in neonates is illustrated in the following table.
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aPCA = postconceptual age (gestational age at birth plus chronological age
bIf the serum creatinine concentration is >1.2 mg/dl, use an initial dosage of 15 mg/kg every 24 hours
cSerum creatinine concentration is not used to determine the dosage for this type of patient because of its lack of reliability or because of the lack of information.
Patients with impaired renal function: Dosage adjustments must be made to avoid toxic serum levels. In premature infants and the elderly, greater dosage reductions than expected may be necessary because of decreased renal function.
Regular monitoring of serum levels is advised in such patients, as accumulation has been reported, especially after prolonged therapy. Vancomycin serum concentrations may be determined by use of a microbiological assay, radioimmunoassay, fluorescence polarisation immunoassay, fluorescence immunoassay or high
The nomogram is not valid for functionally anephric patients on dialysis. For such patients, a loading dose of 15 mg/kg body weight should be given to achieve therapeutic serum levels promptly, and the dose required to maintain stable levels is 1.9 mg/kg/24 hours. Since individual maintenance doses of 250 mg to 1 g are convenient, in patients with marked renal impairment a dose may be given every several days rather than on a daily basis. In anuria a dose of 1 g every 7 to 10 days has been recommended.
Preparation of solutions: see 'Instructions for use and handling'.
Measurement of serum concentrations: Following multiple intravenous doses, peak serum concentrations, measured 2 hours after infusion is complete, range from 18-26 mg/l. Trough levels measured immediately prior to the next dose should be 5-10 mg/l. Ototoxicity has been associated with serum drug levels of 80-100 mg/l, but this is rarely seen when serum levels are kept at or below 30 mg/l.
Oral Administration
The contents of vials for parenteral administration may be used.
Adults and the elderly: The usual daily dose given is 500 mg in divided doses for 7 to 10 days, although up to 2 g/day have been used in severe cases. The total daily dosage should not exceed 2 g. Each dose may be reconstituted in 30 ml water and either given to the patient to drink, or administered by nasogastric tube.
Children: The usual daily dose is 40 mg/kg in three or four divided doses for 7 to 10 days. The total daily dosage should not exceed 2 g.
Common flavouring syrups may be added to the solution at the time of administration to improve the taste.
Capsules are also available.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to vancomycin.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Warnings
Rapid bolus administration (e.g., over several minutes) may be associated with exaggerated hypotension, including shock, and, rarely, cardiac arrest. Vancomycin should be infused in a dilute solution over a period of not less than 60 minutes to avoid rapid infusion
Some patients with inflammatory disorders of the intestinal mucosa may have significant systemic absorption of oral vancomycin and, therefore, may be at risk for the development of adverse reactions associated with the parenteral administration of vancomycin. The risk is greater in patients with renal impairment. It should be noted that the total systemic and renal clearances of vancomycin are reduced in the elderly.
Due to its potential ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, vancomycin should be used with care in patients with renal insufficiency and the dose should be reduced according to the degree of renal impairment. The risk of toxicity is appreciably increased by high blood concentrations or prolonged therapy. Blood levels should be monitored and renal function tests should be performed regularly.
Vancomycin should also be avoided in patients with previous hearing loss. If it is used in such patients, the dose should be regulated, if possible, by periodic determination of the drug level in the blood. Deafness may be preceded by tinnitus.
The elderly are more susceptible to auditory damage. Experience with other antibiotics suggests that deafness may be progressive despite cessation of treatment.
Vancomycin should be administered with caution in patients allergic to teicoplanin, since allergic cross reactions between vancomycin and teicoplanin have been reported.
Usage in paediatrics: In premature neonates and young infants, it may be appropriate to confirm desired vancomycin serum concentrations. Concomitant administration of vancomycin and anaesthetic agents has been associated with erythema and histamine
Usage in the elderly: The natural decrement of glomerular filtration with increasing age may lead to elevated vancomycin serum concentrations if dosage is not adjusted (see 'Posology and method of administration').
Precautions
Clinically significant serum concentrations have been reported in some patients being treated for active C. difficile
Patients with borderline renal function and individuals over the age of 60 should be given serial tests of auditory function and of vancomycin blood levels. All patients receiving the drug should have periodic haematological studies, urine analysis and renal function tests.
Vancomycin is very irritating to tissue, and causes injection site necrosis when injected intramuscularly; it must be infused intravenously. Injection site pain and thrombophlebitis occur in many patients receiving vancomycin and are occasionally severe.
The frequency and severity of thrombophlebitis can be minimised by administering the drug slowly as a dilute solution (2.5 to 5.0 g/l) and by rotating the sites of infusion.
Prolonged use of vancomycin may result in the overgrowth of nonC. difficile, developing in patients who received intravenous vancomycin.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Concomitant administration of vancomycin and anaesthetic agents has been associated with erythema, histamine
There have been reports that the frequency of infusion
Concurrent or sequential systemic or topical use of other potentially neurotoxic or nephrotoxic drugs, such as amphotericin B, aminoglycosides, bacitracin, polymixin B, colistin, viomycin or cisplatin, when indicated, requires careful monitoring.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Usage in pregnancy: Teratology studies have been performed at 5 times the human dose in rats and 3 times the human dose in rabbits, and have revealed no evidence of harm to the foetus due to vancomycin. In a controlled clinical study, the potential ototoxic and nephrotoxic effects of vancomycin hydrochloride on infants were evaluated when the drug was administered to pregnant women for serious staphylococcal infections complicating intravenous drug abuse. Vancomycin hydrochloride was found in cord blood. No sensorineural hearing loss or nephrotoxicity attributable to vancomycin was noted. One infant, whose mother received vancomycin in the third trimester, experienced conductive hearing loss that was not attributable to vancomycin. Because vancomycin was administered only in the second and third trimesters, it is not known whether it causes foetal harm. Vancomycin should be given in pregnancy only if clearly needed and blood levels should be monitored carefully to minimise the risk of foetal toxicity. It has been reported, however, that pregnant patients may require significantly increased doses of vancomycin to achieve therapeutic serum concentrations.
Usage in nursing mothers: Vancomycin hydrochloride is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when vancomycin is administered to a nursing woman. It is unlikely that a nursing infant can absorb a significant amount of vancomycin from its gastro
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Not applicable.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
Infusion: During or soon after rapid infusion of vancomycin, patients may develop anaphylactoid reactions including hypotension, wheezing, dyspnoea, urticaria or pruritus. Rapid infusion may also cause flushing of the upper
Rapid bolus injection may give hypotension, bradycardia, cardiogenic shock and rarely cardiac arrest.
Nephrotoxicity: Rarely, renal failure, principally manifested by increased serum creatinine or blood urea concentrations, have been observed, especially in patients given large doses of intravenously administered vancomycin. Rare cases of interstitial nephritis have been reported. Most occurred in patients who were given aminoglycosides concomitantly or who had pre
Ototoxicity: Hearing loss associated with intravenously administered vancomycin has been reported. Most of these patients had kidney dysfunction, pre
Haematological: Reversible neutropenia, usually starting one week or more after onset of intravenous therapy or after a total dose of more than 25 g. Neutropenia appears to be promptly reversible when vancomycin is discontinued. Thrombocytopenia has rarely been reported. Reversible agranulocytosis (less than 500 granulocytes per mm3) has been reported rarely, although causality has not been established. Eosinophilia has been reported.
Miscellaneous: Phlebitis, hypersensitivity reactions anaphylaxis, nausea, chills, drug fever, rashes (including exfoliative dermatitis) and rare cases of vasculitis. Vancomycin has been associated with the bullous eruption disorders, Stevens
4.9 Overdose
Supportive care is advised, with maintenance of glomerular filtration. Vancomycin is poorly removed from the blood by haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Haemoperfusion with Amberlite resin XAD
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
ATC Code: J01 XA01 for intravenous use and A07 AA09 for oral use.
Vancomycin is a tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic derived from Amycolatopsis orientalis. The primary mode of action of vancomycin is inhibition of cell-wall synthesis. In addition, vancomycin may alter bacterial cell membrane permeability and RNA synthesis. There is no cross-resistance between vancomycin and other classes of antibiotics.
EUCAST Clinical MIC Breakpoints
The non-species related breakpoints for susceptible (S) and resistant (R) species are: S <4 mg/L and R >8 mg/L.
For Staphylococcus spp. | S <4 mg/L and R >8 mg/L |
| S <4 mg/L and R >8 mg/L |
For Streptococcus ABCG | S <4 mg/L and R >4 mg/L |
For S. pneumoniae | S <4 mg/L and R >4 mg/L |
The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent in at least some types of infections is questionable.
Commonly susceptible species:
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Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem:
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Clostridium difficile (e.g. toxigenic strains implicated in pseudomembranous colitis) is a target species for oral use where high intraluminal concentrations of vancomycin are achieved.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Vancomycin is given intravenously for therapy of systemic infections.
In subjects with normal renal function, multiple intravenous dosing of 1 g of vancomycin (15 mg/kg) infused over 60 minutes produces mean plasma concentrations of approximately 63 mg/L immediately after the completion of infusion, mean plasma concentrations of approximately 23 mg/L 2 hours after infusion. Mutiple dosing of 500 mg infused over 30 minutes produces mean plasma concentrations of about 49 mg/L at the completion of infusion, mean plasma concentrations of about 19 mg/L 2 hours after infusion, and mean plasma concentrations of about 10 mg/L 6 hours after infusion. The plasma concentrations during multiple dosing are similar to those after a single dose.
The mean elimination half-life of vancomycin from the plasma is 4 to 6 hours in patients with normal renal function. About 75% of an administered dose of vancomycin is excreted in urine by glomerular filtration in the first 24 hours.
Mean plasma clearance is about 0.058 L/kg/h, and mean renal clearance is about 0.048 L/kg/h. Renal vancomycin clearance is fairly constant and accounts for 70% to 80% of vancomycin elimination. The volume of distribution ranges from 0.39 to 0.97 L/kg. There is no apparent metabolism of the drug. Vancomycin is 55% protein bound as measured by ultrafiltration at vancomycin serum levels of 10 to 100 mg/L.
After IV administration of vancomycin hydrochloride, inhibitory concentrations are present in pleural, pericardial, ascitic, atrial appendage tissue and synovial fluid, as well as urine and peritoneal fluid. Vancomycin does not readily penetrate the cerebrospinal fluid unless the meninges are inflamed.
Renal dysfunction slows excretion of vancomycin. In anephric patients, the average half-life of elimination is 7.5 days.
The total systemic and renal clearance of vancomycin may be reduced in the elderly due to the natural decrement of glomerular filtration.
Vancomycin is not significantly absorbed from the normal gastroClostridium difficile.
Orally administered vancomycin does not usually enter the systemic circulation even when inflammatory lesions are present. Measurable serum concentrations may occur infrequently in patients with active C. difficile-induced pseudomembranous colitis and, in the presence of renal impairment, the possibility of accumulation exists.
Administration of vancomycin oral solution, 2 g daily for 16 days to anephric patients with no inflammatory bowel disease, gave serum levels of <0.66 μg/ml. With doses of 2 g daily, concentration of 3,100 mg/kg can be found in the faeces and levels of <1 μg/ml can be found in the serum of patients with normal renal function who have pseudomembranous colitis.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Although no long-term studies in animals have been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential, no mutagenic potential of vancomycin was found in standard laboratory tests. No definitive fertility studies have been performed.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
None.
6.2 Incompatibilities
Vancomycin solution has a low pH that may cause chemical or physical instability when it is mixed with other compounds. Mixing with alkaline solutions should be avoided.
Mixtures of solutions of vancomycin and beta-lactam antibiotics have been shown to be physically incompatible. The likelihood of precipitation increases with higher concentrations of vancomycin. It is recommended to adequately flush intravenous lines between administration of these antibiotics. It is also recommended to dilute solutions of vancomycin to 5 mg/mL or less.
Although intravitreal injection is not an approved route of administration for vancomycin, precipitation has been reported after intravitreal injection of vancomycin and ceftazidime for endophthalmitis using different syringes and needles. The precipitates dissolved gradually, with complete clearing of the vitreous cavity over two months and with improvement of visual acuity.
6.3 Shelf Life
Two years.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Store below 25°C.
After reconstitution: May be stored in a refrigerator (2°-8°C) for 24 hours.
Prior to administration, parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discolouration whenever solution or container permits.
Solutions of the parenteral powder intended for oral administration may be stored in a refrigerator (2°-8°C) for 96 hours.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
500 mg presentation: Rubber stoppered 10 ml vials each containing chromatographically purified vancomycin hydrochloride 525,000iu, equivalent to 500 mg vancomycin as an off-white lyophilised plug
One 10 ml vial packaged in a cardboard carton.
1 g presentation: Rubber stoppered 20 ml vials containing chromatographically purified vancomycin hydrochloride, 1,050,000iu, equivalent to 1 g vancomycin, as an off-white lyophilised plug.
One 20 ml vial packaged in a cardboard carton.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
Preparation of solution: At the time of use, 10 ml of Water for Injections PhEur to the 500 mg vial, or 20 ml Water for Injections PhEur to the 1g vial. Vials reconstituted in this manner will give a solution of 50 mg/ml.
FURTHER DILUTION IS REQUIRED. Read instructions which follow:
1. Intermittent infusion is the preferred method of administration. Reconstituted solutions containing 500 mg vancomycin must be diluted with at least 100 ml diluent. Reconstituted solutions containing 1g vancomycin must be diluted with at least 200 ml diluent. Sodium Chloride Intravenous Infusion BP or 5% Dextrose Intravenous Infusion BP are suitable diluents. The desired dose should be given by intravenous infusion over a period of at least 60 minutes. If administered over a shorter period of time or in higher concentrations, there is the possibility of inducing marked hypotension in addition to thrombophlebitis. Rapid administration may also produce flushing and a transient rash over the neck and shoulders.
2. Continuous infusion (should be used only when intermittent infusion is not feasible). 1-2 g can be added to a sufficiently large volume of Sodium Chloride Intravenous Infusion BP or 5% Dextrose Intravenous Infusion BP to permit the desired daily dose to be administered slowly by intravenous drip over a 24 hour period.
3. Oral Administration
The contents of vials for parenteral administration may be used.
Common flavouring syrups may be added to the solution at the time of administration to improve the taste.
Capsules are also available.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Flynn Pharma Limited
Alton House
4 Herbert Street
Dublin 2
Ireland
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 13621/0033
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
Date of first authorisation: 18 April 1990
(PL granted after the UK Medicines Review)
Date of last renewal of authorisation: 11 October 2005
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
23rd October 2008
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